sqlite3: Vendor import of sqlite3 3.41.0

Release notes at https://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_41_0.html.

Obtained from: https://www.sqlite.org/2023/sqlite-autoconf-3410000.tar.gz
MFC after: 2 weeks

Merge commit '615bd3eb2a2225e83e14d5b2a82649430889483c' into temp_merge

(cherry picked from commit 7bba9d9473c00cec825495543198768fe387ebf4)