Revert upstream libcxxrt commit which can cause hangs on i386

This reverts upstream commit fd484be:

Atomics cleanup (#11)

We need to test exception specifiers but they're gone in C++17 so
compile the tests with an older version of the standard.

Rewrite the guard logic to be more idiomatic C++ and more
comprehensible and make sure that atomics are used where necessary.

It looks like there are some corner cases in the i386 and/or 32-bit
atomics handling, which can make __cxa_guard_acquire() hang in certain
situations.

Reported by: antoine
Obtained from: https://github.com/libcxxrt/libcxxrt/commit/fd484be
Fixes: 56aaed388b0a
MFC after: 2 weeks